The organization of the stroma allows for minimal changes in the architecture of the cornea even following an episode of significant edema. The corneal swelling appears to affect more of the posterior stroma than anterior stroma, as seen in the case of Descemet’s folds. When a foreign body penetrates the stroma, this often will result … Continued
Ocular Anatomy Review To better understand all the potential locations of a foreign body and what structures are affected, we will discuss basic anatomy of the eye and later explore some of the more common locations for foreign bodies. We will start with the most anterior structure and a part of our eye’s natural defense … Continued
Introduction The field of optometry has expanded significantly in the last 50 years in terms of management of medical conditions and how the eyes are affected by such. To coincide with the medical advancements, optometrists are finding an expanded scope of practice in many of the states. Optometrists are now allowed to prescribe oral and … Continued
How to Manage Foreign Bodies Proficiently and Confidently Madison Rhoton, O.D. Madison Rhoton, OD, has no financial relationships to disclose. The content and format of this course is presented without commercial bias and does not claim superiority of any commercial product or service. Course Co-sponsored by:
Conclusion Since the implementation of the OCT into the ophthalmology and optometry clinic, it has allowed for better care and management of our patients and the health of not just their eyes, but their overall well-being. It has slowly become a common diagnostic procedure ordered in eye care practices, as many patients with known conditions … Continued
High-Definition Images: HD 5 Line Raster In the image above shows the High-Definition Images: HD 5 Line Raster report, which has most recently been shown to assist in the early detection of Plaquenil toxicity and part of the screening and monitoring protocol. The Enhanced HD 5 Line Raster scan collects more data per scan location … Continued
GPA Report In the image above shows the Guided Progression Analysis (GPA) report, which looks at both event and trend analysis of the RNFL thickness based on the RNFL and ONH: Optic Disc Cube 200×200 scans. Event analysis assesses any changes from baseline compared to expected changes (i.e., due to age), while trend analysis looks … Continued
RNFL and ONH: Optic Disc Cube 200×200 The image above shows an example of a report of the RNFL and optic nerve head (ONH), optic disc cube. This report is most used in assessing the RNFL changes associated with conditions such as glaucoma, papilledema, and optic atrophy. Before we begin the breakdown of the report … Continued
OCT Tips: How to Educate and Prepare Your Patient When it comes to performing the OCT imaging on our patients, patient preparation and education helps to make the process easier for both you as the ECP, your technicians, and your patients. Patient Preparation Pupil Size For best quality scans and images, the pupil should be … Continued
Choroidal Neovascular Membrane (CNVM) There are 3 types of CNVMs: Type 1 appears as well-defined hyperreflective tissue between the RPE and Bruch’s membrane; Type 2 appears as well-defined hyperreflective tissue above the RPE; and Type 3 includes a sub-RPE CNV with intraretinal hyperreflective foci along the subretinal neovascularization and intraretinal cystoid changes, with the sequence … Continued
Macular Holes Macular holes are extremely rare but do occur more often in patients with any type of trauma, with there being 2 types. The first is a lamellar (partial thickness) macular hole, which appears as a pit and/or opening from the ILM but does not extend down to the RPE. The second is a … Continued
Macular Edema On an OCT, macular edema appears as hyporeflective areas in the retina due to there being fluid within the retina and usually causes increased retinal thickening. This can be associated with diabetic retinopathy in the form of diabetic macular edema (DME) and a cystic appearance known as cystoid macular edema (CME) such as … Continued
Drusen Drusen appear as localized highly reflective areas under Bruch’s membrane and may see a slight flattening of the foveal contour. The reported incidence of drusen in patients ages 43-54 was 2.2% soft and 3.3% large and are most seen with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The following images show various examples of drusen, which are … Continued
Typical Pathologies As mentioned before, there are several different pathologies that can be diagnosed and assessed using OCT. With our focus being on macula and optic nerve, we will focus on a few pathologies in those structures for this lecture. Before we jump into these pathologies, we should go over some common causes of abnormal … Continued
Posterior Segment Once behind the lens, we enter the posterior segment, where the light then travels through the vitreous and approaches the retina and optic nerve head. Since light needs to travel further to reach the retina, 800nm or 1050nm light is more common for posterior segment OCT. Shorter wavelengths scatter less through the fluid … Continued
Structures Imaged with OCT: Anatomy Review Anterior Segment Although the OCT was originally developed for retinal imaging, it is increasingly being used as a non-invasive method for in vivo imaging of the ocular surface and corneal pathologies, such as keratoconus. Anterior segment OCT(AS-OCT) is usually performed using 1300nm light, as it allows the viewing of … Continued
What is optical coherence tomography? Optical coherence tomography, or OCT, is a relatively new type of optical imaging. It allows for high resolution, cross-sectional tomographic imaging of internal microstructure and biologic systems by measuring the backscattered or back reflected light. The way in which it does this is by using low coherence interferometry to produce … Continued
Introduction The visualization and analysis of our patient’s eye structure and health has advanced significantly in the past few decades, with the help of technology. The most prominent of these advancements is optical coherence tomography, or OCT, imaging. Its foundation comes from the A-scan and is very similar to an ultrasound machine, except that it … Continued
OCT: Reading Between the Layers Author: Ambrosia K.S.L Makini, OD Ambrosia K.S.L Makini, OD has no relevant financial relationships to disclose. The content and format of this course is presented without commercial bias and does not claim superiority of any commercial product or service. Course Co-sponsored by:
Summary Blepharitis is a common chronic inflammatory condition with a pathophysiology rooted in microbial imbalance and aggravated by various factors. Its symptoms, such as burning, redness, itching, and foreign body sensation, can negatively impact quality of life. Studies have examined Demodex and blepharitis and found a potential link. As such, various techniques have been explored … Continued